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NZ study challenges world on teaching

Sunday Star Times
Last updated 00:34 04/01/2009

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A major new Kiwi study into what makes students succeed casts serious doubt on the importance of homework, small class sizes and even which school a child attends.

The huge study, based on research into 83 million students from around the world, instead shows that the key to effective teaching is the quality of the feedback students get and their interaction with teachers.

The research has been dubbed "teaching's Holy Grail" by an influential UK education journal, the Times Educational Supplement. National's new education minister, Anne Tolley, says it will have a "profound influence" on the future of schooling in New Zealand.

Auckland University professor John Hattie, who authored the study, says some of the results fly in the face of National's popular election promise to reduce class sizes. He believes extra money should instead be spent on boosting teacher salaries. "Class size has a pretty small effect... and I wonder why they would spend a penny on it."

He also believes it is time to revisit the controversial idea of performance-related pay for teachers.

Hattie's 15-year study, recently published as a book, is thought to be the largest-ever overview of student achievement. It merges results from 50,000 previous studies and a total of 83 million students.

Hattie used these studies to rank 138 aspects of schooling and found that overwhelmingly, student-teacher interaction at schools came out on top.

Number one is "self-reporting" when the student knows exactly how well they are doing and can explain this, as well as any gaps in their understanding, to their teacher.

Tactics such as letting students take turns to teach the class, and teachers doing post-mortems on their own lessons, are also key.

But many of the things parents probably think make a difference including class size, school type, homework and a student's diet and exercise are nowhere near the top of Hattie's list.

All of these things could help improve the quality of the interaction in a classroom, but are not nearly as effective as strategies such as giving regular feedback and fostering an atmosphere of trust.

So Hattie advises parents to fret less about which school their child attends, and worry much more about the quality of individual teachers, especially their ability to give useful feedback.

"Ask your kids constantly what feedback have you got from your teachers? Don't ask `what have you learned?' Encourage them to look for feedback."

And teachers, Hattie says, should ask themselves, "how many of the kids in your classroom are prepared to say, in front of the class, `we need help', `we don't know what's going on' or `we need to have this retaught'?"

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He says that sort of trust is too rare which is why he wants to work out a way of paying teachers extra for excellence, rather than experience.

"It's a lot easier to throw money at smaller classes, more equipment, more funding, to worry about the curriculum, to worry about the exams. "It's a hell of a lot harder to differentiate between good and bad teaching... I think we need to spend a lot more policies on worrying about this."

Tolley says that although rewarding teachers for excellence is a "tricky issue" it needs to be on the table, particularly as Hattie is close to defining what makes an excellent teacher.

"As difficult as it is, we do need to encourage excellence in teaching... I'm sure that we can come to a satisfactory resolution, if we accept that it is going to make a huge difference to the performance of our education system."

Tolley wants Hattie to be involved in a cross-sector discussion, to be held this year, about how to solve the teacher "crisis" where rewarding teacher excellence will also be covered.

She says Hattie's research will have a "profound influence" on how the new government approaches education.

Kate Gainsford, head of the secondary teachers' union, defended teachers, saying they deserved praise for being in the classroom despite in many cases poor resources, pay and support.

She says teachers are already using many of the interactive methods. But she points out that to have time to interact with students, classes need to be kept smaller and that some now have more than 30 students, despite what schools' teacher-student ratios claim.

"This is not rocket science. We know that relationships between students and teachers are very important. And we know how those relationships can be supported, and how they can be eroded."

She emphasises that teachers need to be backed up by resources, policies and training.

Gainsford says it would be "extraordinarily problematic ... on so many fronts" to work out an excellence-based pay formula. She would like to see the focus on supporting "all kids, in all classes, in all schools", rather than on a sorting mechanism for teachers.

39 comments
Lou   #39   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

Exactly - what part of the relationships between "key to effective teaching is the quality of the feedback students get and their interaction with teachers." and the "size of classes" do they NOT get?

I shudder at the new education minister saying that it will 'have a "profound influence" on the future of schooling in New Zealand.'. Please Madam Minister, do not tell me this mean you will increase the size of classes. Hopefully it is just journalistic opportunism ;)

Lavji Gopani   #38   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

New Study Challenges- To creat Positive relations ship

During my corporate career once, I was at training with one of the reputable institute and teacher was interest to create cross relation ship fast among the participant. He had fixed surrounding A-3 size papers on wall( equal number of participant). Every participant has name plate on shirt/Saree and everybody has to put comment on each other whatever they like on A-3 size paper. Through comments on papers and group discussion we know every group member like we know each other since long. And within a week time of training we learn so much still I personally feels it is right style to create study environment which everybody are in research mood and brings the tremendous positive result.

rick   #37   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

To all proponents of performance based pay or bonuses. How would you do it? There are just so many variables in teaching and learning between teachers, students, subject matter, resources and support services to name the most obvious.

Given all this how do you identify and compare one teacher's 'performance' with another? Then there's the matter of demotivation of teachers who will feel short changed, and the inevitable erosion of sharing and support that teachers currently have for each other.

After many years of teaching the most important lesson that I've learned is that schools are not businesses as far as teaching and learning is concerned, and business models for this have no place in schools.

What's needed are trust, cooperation and good will from all concerned. Smaller classes (say 20 max), no performance pay (but good basic salaries) and less bureaucratic meddling will all help. Teachers need to be trusted to do their jobs of educating our children.

Thanks to the poster who mentioned Alfie Kohn - very interesting food for thought.

Craig   #36   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

I agree with Paul. Given that the author of the study, Prof John Hattie, has a history of promoting market approaches to education, one can't help but wonder how much of Hattie's own philsophical bias has influenced his findings here. After all, if the other 50,000 odd studies directly supported Hattie's thesis that teacher interaction is the most important thing and this supports introducing performance-based pay for teachers,then surely this would not be a new and exciting concept for us - we'd have heard it before (50,000 studies is a lot of studies). I also support Jack who identifies that most 'good' teachers are already doing the very things Hattie suggests - but most would like an environment more capable of enhancing their practice. It's easier to have a strong interactive relationship with a smaller number of individuals than it is with a larger group.

Gee M   #35   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

Yet again the scary news that NZ is leading the world in Education. Dr Hattie again fails to indicate what is an optimum class size. Mrs Tolley likes the price of keeping the class numbers up. Size probably matters little when so much primary school is about fitness. We once had a curriculum and discipline which helped us compete with the best in the world. But then a new fashion was to take the inventors, the humans, out of science. Boyle???s law became ???the pressure-volume relationship???; Charles??? law ???the volume-temperature relationship??? even though laws of nature were won through careful and inspiring work. 99% of air is nitrogen and oxygen; describing the remaining 1% required care and brilliance. One in a million is a very significant amount, when it is the amount of chlorine keeping tap water safe to drink, or the amount of gold in rock being mined for a living. But this is demanding; precise, too hard and deleted from the classroom.

So have intermediate schools which with combined Yr 7&8 classes, because 28 Yr 8 children are too many to face at once.

Muldoon wanted us to believe that we would raise our standard living by devaluing our dollar.

When will we as a nation train teachers who know enough to teach, and show pride in them as they educate our children?

When will NZ exports be the best rather than the cheapest?

Hattie is a psychologist, like Levinson, who gave us the mid-life crisis, following his detailed study of about 36 men, all university teachers. Both men found a Press ready to print them, would either get a man on the moon?

Shane   #34   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

When was the last time that Hattie taught in a NZ classroom?

Wasn't he on that TV Show about Kiwi IQ's.

Looks like he is angling to secure a lucrative Government contract to do more research.

Wasn't he involved with setting up Asstle? A paper based test assessment tool that can take up to 27 pages to complete for a Year 5 student.

Mr Hattie, come clean and tell NZ teachers what your real agenda is! Stop beating up on teachers and start appreciating and acknowledging the positive changes being made in our schools.

Where are the responsibilities of parents in this debate?

Gaylene   #33   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

I totally agree with Jack in post #1 - how can teachers improve their feedback when we are overwhelmed by trying to give individual help to 30 students per hour? As well as that the amount of (mostly pointless)paper work is increased every time the government decides to introduce some new initiative - thereby increasing teacher's hours of work and stress levels and making it harder for them to be "excellent teachers"

Dave   #32   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

For me class sizes is more about managing workload. With the increasing demands on the classroom from parents, Government policy, new individualised teaching techniques, a wider range and complexity of children within the class (ESOL, ORRS, RTLB & RTLit supported children etc)there is a need to manage the workload and expectations.

If it had been me I would not have introduced Classroom Release Time (CRT) but rather pushed for smaller classes. That's what really helps workload.

Steve Holmes   #31   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

What a great insightful article capturing the essence of measurable result driven learning as opposed to the very singular view of preaching or as it is most commonly described in the New Zealand education as "teaching". Along with many other countries the New Zealand education service, whilst very well meaning is simply stuck in the dark ages in its attempt to meet its students and indeed New Zealand's expectations. This article shines a very positive bright light on where New Zealand education needs to head. To focus on just reducing class sizes or increasing teachers pay packets as mentioned in other comments greatly misses the point of this article and is in fact the problem in itself that the education system faces today, a new paradigm needs to be embraced by the teachers, their unions and the government. I wonder if you all in sync understand what profound effect that you have on the greatest resource this country possesses.

Gareth   #30   05:26 pm Jan 28 2009

In regards to the validity of the study. I want to suggest that such a meta study could possibly have a bias due to the researchers selection strategy, HOWEVER, this should be of minimal concern due to the internationally well respected reputation of Doctor John Hattie.

In regards to the proposed pay scheme, I'm very much in favour of rewarding excelent teachers, even though it would be difficult to administer and calculate. In all four of the schools I've been in, I was surprised at how many overly casual and lazy teachers just doing the basics of their job, picking up their pay cheque, and not really striving to teach well, or even stopping and asking 'how could I teach this better'.

Some sort of performance bonus would at least recognise and encourage those who do so much for the children of this country.


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